India has 22 officially recognized languages as per the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
India is home to over 1,600 languages, including dialects spoken across its diverse regions. These languages belong to several language families, such as Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, and others.
While the exact number of languages can vary depending on how dialects are classified, the country is known for its incredible linguistic diversity. Hindi and English are widely used across India for communication, education, and business, though each region typically has its own primary language spoken by the majority of its population.
Yes, English is an associate official language in India. While Hindi is the primary official language of the central government, English is widely used for official and administrative purposes, as well as in education, business, and the judiciary. Many states also have their own official languages, reflecting the country’s linguistic diversity.
Each state in India has its own predominant language, with many states being multilingual. For instance, in Maharashtra, Marathi is widely spoken, while in West Bengal, Bengali is the primary language.
India is home to several hundred languages, with estimates ranging from 122 major languages to over 1,600 total languages spoken across the country.
Each union territory may also have its own official languages, with Delhi recognizing Hindi and Punjabi, for example.
The official languages of Jammu and Kashmir are Urdu, Kashmiri, Hindi, Dogri, and English.
The official language of Goa is Konkani.
The official language of Bihar is Hindi, with Urdu also recognized as a second official language.
The Eighth Schedule lists 22 languages, including Hindi, Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, and others.
The top 5 languages spoken in India are Hindi, Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, and Tamil.
The 22 official languages of India are: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu.
The 2011 Census identified 121 languages with significant speaker populations. Among these, 17 languages have more than ten million speakers, and 43 languages have at least one million speakers. Here, we explore the twelve most spoken official languages of india and their number of speakers, and their cultural importance.
| Language | Number of Speakers (Crores) | Percentage of Population | Primary Regions | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hindi | 52.83 | 43.63% | Northern states like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh | One of India's official languages with deep roots in Sanskrit; influenced by various languages. |
| Bengali | 9.72 | 8.03% | West Bengal, Jharkhand, Tripura, Assam | Indo-Aryan language; Indian National Anthem is written in Bengali. |
| Marathi | 8.30 | 6.86% | Maharashtra, parts of Goa | Rich literary tradition; spoken in various dialects. |
| Telugu | 8.11 | 6.7% | Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Puducherry | Dravidian language with significant diaspora. |
| Tamil | 6.90 | 6.7% | Tamil Nadu, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Puducherry | Ancient Dravidian language; recognized as official in Sri Lanka and Singapore. |
| Gujarati | 5.54 | 4.58% | Gujarat, Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli | Indo-Aryan language; significant diaspora in USA and UK. |
| Urdu | 5.07 | 4.19% | Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Telangana, Jammu and Kashmir | Official language in several Indian states; spoken in various regions and countries. |
| Kannada | 4.37 | 3.61% | Karnataka | Dravidian language with rich literary tradition; significant diaspora. |
| Odia | 3.75 | 3.1% | Odisha, parts of West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh | Indo-Aryan language; recognized as Classical language of India. |
| Malayalam | 3.48 | 2.88% | Kerala, Lakshadweep, Puducherry | Dravidian language; significant diaspora in various countries. |
| Punjabi | 3.31 | 2.73% | Punjab | Indo-Aryan language; written in Gurumukhi script; significant diaspora. |
| Assamese | 1.53 | 1.26% | Assam | Literary tradition dating back to the 13th century. |
Telugu is one of the classical languages of India, known for its rich literature and poetic tradition.
The state is famous for its cultural heritage, including Kuchipudi dance and Tirupati temple.
Andhra Pradesh is one of the largest producers of films in India, particularly in the Telugu film industry.
Arunachal Pradesh is home to over 100 ethnic groups, each with its own unique language and culture.
The state has stunning biodiversity, with the Eastern Himalayas being a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
It is often called the "Land of the Rising Sun" due to its geographical location in India.
Assamese is derived from the Indo-Aryan family and boasts a rich literary tradition, including famous poets like Bhupen Hazarika.
The state is renowned for its tea gardens and is one of the largest tea producers in the world.
Assam hosts the annual Bihu festival, celebrating the Assamese New Year with music, dance, and feasting.
Bihar is known as the birthplace of Buddhism and is home to the historic sites of Bodh Gaya and Nalanda.
Hindi and Urdu are widely spoken, reflecting the state's diverse cultural tapestry.
The state has a rich tradition of folk music, especially during festivals and community gatherings.
Chhattisgarh is rich in tribal culture and is home to several indigenous communities with their own languages and customs.
The state is famous for its waterfalls, forests, and wildlife sanctuaries, making it a nature lover’s paradise.
It also has a vibrant handloom and handicraft industry, known for its bamboo products and wrought iron work.
Goa is the smallest state in India, famous for its stunning beaches and vibrant nightlife.
Konkani, the official language, reflects a blend of various influences, including Portuguese.
The state is known for its unique cuisine, which includes seafood and spicy curries, often accompanied by the local Feni liquor.
Gujarati is a language rich in literature and history, with renowned authors like Mahatma Gandhi hailing from the region.
The state is known for its vibrant festivals, especially Navratri, celebrated with Garba dances.
Gujarat has a thriving economy and is recognized for its contributions to the textile and diamond industries.
Haryana is known for its agrarian economy and is one of India's leading wheat-producing states.
The state has a rich folk culture, with music and dance forms like Haryanvi Gidda and Dhamal.
It is also recognized for its historical significance, being home to the epic battle site of Kurukshetra.
Himachal Pradesh is renowned for its stunning Himalayan landscapes, making it a popular tourist destination.
The state has a rich cultural heritage, with traditional crafts like handwoven shawls and woodwork.
Himachal Pradesh is also famous for its apple orchards and is a leading producer of apples in India.
Jharkhand is rich in mineral resources, particularly coal and iron ore, driving its economy.
The state has a diverse population, with numerous tribal communities preserving their languages and traditions.
Jharkhand is known for its scenic beauty, including waterfalls and wildlife sanctuaries like Betla National Park.
Kannada has a long literary tradition, with classical poets like Kuvempu and B. M. Srikantaiah contributing significantly.
The state is famous for its cultural heritage, including classical dance forms like Bharatanatyam and Yakshagana.
Karnataka is a hub for technology and innovation, particularly in Bengaluru, known as the "Silicon Valley of India."
Malayalam has a rich literary history, with notable writers like Vaikom Muhammad Basheer and O. V. Vijayan.
Kerala is famous for its backwaters, ayurvedic treatments, and traditional festivals like Onam.
The state has a high literacy rate and is known for its progressive social policies.
Madhya Pradesh is home to UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the Khajuraho temples and Sanchi stupas.
The state is known for its rich wildlife, with national parks like Kanha and Bandhavgarh attracting nature enthusiasts.
Madhya Pradesh has a diverse cultural heritage, with traditional dance forms like Ghumar and folk music.
Marathi is the official language of Maharashtra and has a vibrant literary tradition, with authors like P. L. Deshpande.
The state is known for its bustling city, Mumbai, which is the financial capital of India and home to Bollywood.
Maharashtra celebrates numerous festivals, including Ganesh Chaturthi, showcasing its rich cultural diversity.
Manipuri is not only a language but also refers to a rich cultural heritage, including traditional dance forms like Manipuri dance.
The state is famous for its picturesque landscapes, including Loktak Lake, the largest freshwater lake in northeastern India.
Manipur has a strong sporting culture, especially in disciplines like football and martial arts.
Meghalaya is known as the "Abode of Clouds" and is famous for its high rainfall and lush greenery.
The state is home to unique living root bridges, crafted from the roots of rubber trees by local tribes.
Khasi and Garo cultures contribute to Meghalaya’s rich tapestry of traditions, including music and dance.
Mizo is a language rich in folklore and traditions, reflecting the vibrant culture of the Mizo people.
The state is known for its beautiful landscapes and is often called the "Land of the Hills."
Mizoram celebrates various festivals, including Chapchar Kut, marking the arrival of spring with traditional songs and dances.
Nagaland is home to 16 major tribes, each with its own unique language and customs.
The state is famous for its vibrant festivals, especially the Hornbill Festival, showcasing cultural diversity.
Nagaland has a rich tradition of handloom, particularly in weaving intricate patterns and designs.
Odia boasts a long literary tradition, with classical poets like Jayadeva and modern authors like Sarala Das.
The state is known for its classical dance form, Odissi, and exquisite temple architecture, particularly the Sun Temple at Konark.
Odisha's rich cultural heritage includes various festivals, like Durga Puja and Rath Yatra, attracting visitors from across India.
Punjabi is known for its vibrant music and dance forms, including Bhangra and Gidda, celebrated during various festivals.
The state is famous for its agricultural abundance, especially in wheat and rice production.
Punjab is home to the Golden Temple, one of the holiest sites in Sikhism, attracting millions of pilgrims annually.
Rajasthan is known for its royal heritage, with majestic forts and palaces that reflect its historical significance.
The state is famous for its colorful festivals, including Pushkar Camel Fair and Teej.
Rajasthani cuisine, known for its rich flavors and unique dishes like Dal Baati Churma, is a highlight for food lovers.
Sikkim is renowned for its stunning landscapes, including the majestic Kanchenjunga, the third highest mountain in the world.
The state has a rich cultural diversity, with various ethnic communities, including Lepcha, Bhutia, and Nepali.
Sikkim is celebrated for its eco-tourism and organic farming practices, aiming for sustainability.
Tamil is one of the oldest living languages in the world, with a rich literary history dating back over 2,000 years.
Tamil Nadu is known for its classical music and dance forms, particularly Bharatanatyam and Carnatic music.
The state is famous for its temple architecture, with stunning structures like the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai.
Telangana was formed in 2014 as the newest state in India, highlighting its rich cultural and historical significance.
The state celebrates the Bathukamma festival, which showcases floral art and traditional dances.
Telangana has a diverse culinary tradition, famous for dishes like Hyderabadi Biryani and a variety of spicy chutneys.
Tripura is known for its lush green hills and rich biodiversity, with several wildlife sanctuaries.
The state has a unique cultural blend, influenced by Bengali and tribal traditions, evident in its festivals.
Tripuri is spoken by indigenous communities, reflecting the state's ethnic diversity and cultural heritage.
Uttar Pradesh is home to iconic historical landmarks, including the Taj Mahal, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The state has a rich cultural heritage, known for its classical music, dance, and festivals like Kumbh Mela.
UP is one of the most populous states in India and plays a significant role in Indian politics and culture.
Uttarakhand is known for its breathtaking Himalayan landscapes and is a popular destination for trekking and adventure sports.
| State | Main Language | Other Languages |
|---|---|---|
| Kerala | Malayalam | Urdu, English |
| Punjab | Punjabi | Hindi, Urdu |
| Gujarat | Gujarati | Marwari |
| Haryana | Haryanvi | Hindi, Punjabi, Urdu |
| UP | Hindi, Urdu | Awadhi, Bhojpuri, |
| Rajasthan | Hindi | Marwari, Bhili |
| Himachal Pradesh | Hindi | Kinnauri, Punjabi |
| Tamil Nadu | Tamil | |
| West Bengal | Bangla | Urdu, Hindi |
| Andhra Pradesh | Telugu | Urdu, Hindi |
| Madhya Pradesh | Hindi | Urdu, Marathi, Bhili, Gondi |
| Bihar | Hindi | Urdu, Maithili, Bhojpuri, Santali |
| Orissa | Oriya | Hindi, Telugu |
| Mizoram | Lushai | Bangla, Lakher |
| Maharashtra | Marathi | Hindi, Urdu, Kannada |
| Goa | Konkani | Marathi, Kannada, Tulu |
| Meghalaya | Khasi | Garo, Bangla |
| Tripura | Bangla | Tripuri, Hindi |
| Karnataka | Kannada | Tulu, Konkani, Urdu, Marathi, Sanskrit |
| Sikkim | Nepali | Bhotia, Lepcha |
| Manipur | Manipuri | Thadou, Thangkul |
| Assam | Assamese | Bangla, Boro |
| Arunachal Pradesh | Nissi | Nepali, Bangla |
| Nagaland | Ao | Sema, Konyak |
The push for one official language in India and the relevance of the most widely spoken international language is pushing the knowledge of various regional languages and dialects into obscurity. Here are a few salient observations in the evolving linguistic landscape of India -
Indian Official languages play a significant role in the perpetuation of the regional epics, tales, cultures and ethos. Preserving native languages will contribute towards conserving the histories of countless people of India.
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